This report finds that the underutilization of human potential in the United States is very costly. If the United States had closed the international achievement gap between 1983 and 1998 and raised its performance to the level of nations such as Finland and Korea, the U.S. Gross Domestic Product in 2008 would have been between $1.3 trillion and $2.3 trillion higher, representing 9 to 16 percent of the GDP. If the U.S. had closed the racial achievement gap and black and Latino student performance had caught up with that of white students by 1998, GDP in 2008 would have been between $310 billion and $525 billion higher, or roughly 2%to 4% of GDP. If the United States closed the income achievement gap so that between 1983 and 1998, the performance of students with family income below $25,000 a year had been raised to the performance of students from homes above $25,000 a year, then GDP in 2008 would have been $400 billion to $670 billion higher, or 3% to 5% of the GDP.